Refraction and total internal reflection
A light ray bends when it passes into glass or water. At a shallow angle it cannot get out at all: total internal reflection, as in an optical fibre.
PhysicsSaarland curriculum · Gymnasium
Physics – grade 9
Grade 9 (nine-year Gymnasium), shown is the science branch (NW branch); other branches have their own curricula with partly different topics. “Handling measurement data in physics” is practised in all topic fields. The numbers are our own.
Unit 1Refraction, images and spectral colours
Refraction and total internal reflection, images formed by lenses, optical instruments that enlarge the visual angle, spectral colours and the electromagnetic spectrum.
Lenses and image formation
Move a candle in front of a lens and construct the image with three special rays. It becomes sharp on the screen.
Unit 2Laws of the electric circuit
Charge and the electric field, current and voltage, electrical work and power, series and parallel resistors, semiconductors and diodes.
Simple circuit
Build a circuit with a battery, a switch and a lamp, as a set-up and as a circuit diagram. When the circuit is closed, the lamp lights up.
Series and parallel circuits
Connect lamps in series or in parallel and measure current and voltage at different points.
Ohm’s law
Turn up the voltage and the current rises, always in the same ratio. Point by point the characteristic curve appears, though not quite straight for a lamp.
Unit 3Elective topic or practical
Suggestions: internal resistance, resistivity, transistor circuits.
No separate simulation is planned for this.
The summaries describe the curriculum in our own words. The original text is authoritative. Original text (German): Lehrplan, Gymnasium, Physics, grade 9